Analisis Regional Dampak Program Beras Sejahtera dan Bantuan Pangan Non Tunai terhadap Tingkat Ketahanan Pangan Keluarga Penerima Manfaat
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Dec 31, 2023
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Abstract
Flexibility of choice in meeting nutritional needs is one of the most important factors for food assistance beneficiaries. This study evaluates the impact of the transition of food assistance schemes in Indonesia from Rastra (in-kind transfer) to BPNT (e-voucher) on the fulfillment of KPM daily calorie intake. Calorie intake itself is a nutritional indicator that is often used to measure the quantity aspect of daily nutrient intake. Using Susenas data, impact estimation was performed using the Mahalanobis distance matching (MDM) method, Kernel algorithm implementation, complemented with exact matching and regression adjustment. The results show that the Rastra and BPNT programs can increase the percentage ratio of meeting daily calorie needs by 2.4 and 4.8 points at the national level. At the regional level, the impact of the BPNT program is much higher than the Rastra program except in Maluku, North Maluku, Papua and West Papua provinces. The difference in impact shows that food assistance schemes can be influenced by the diverse characteristics of each region (price level, accessibility, and consumption preferences of the locals).
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Hidayat, F., & Hanri, M. (2023). Analisis Regional Dampak Program Beras Sejahtera dan Bantuan Pangan Non Tunai terhadap Tingkat Ketahanan Pangan Keluarga Penerima Manfaat. Indonesian Treasury Review: Jurnal Perbendaharaan, Keuangan Negara Dan Kebijakan Publik, 8(4), 371-386. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33105/itrev.v8i4.677
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References
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Banerjee, A., Hanna, R., Olken, B. A., Satriawan, E., & Sumarto, S. (2021). Electronic food vouchers: Evidence from an at-scale experiment in Indonesia. American Economic Review, 113(2). 514-547. https://doi.org/10.3386/W28641
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Ismaya, B. I. & Anugrah, D. F. (2018). Determinant of food inflation: The case of Indonesia. Bulletin of Monetary Economics and Banking, 21(1), 81–94. https://doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v21i1.926
Jann, B. (2017). Kernel matching with automatic bandwidth selection. United Kingdom Stata Users Group Meetings 2017.
Katona-Apte, J. (1992). Issues in food aid and nutrition. ACC/SCN 19th Symposium.
Kim, H. & Ward, R. W. (2013). Price transmission across the U.S. food distribution system. Food Policy, 41, 226–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2013.05.006
King, G. & Nielsen, R. (2019). Why propensity scores should not be used for matching. Political Analysis, 27(4), 435–454. https://doi.org/10.1017/pan.2019.11
Kita, S. M. (2014). Is cash transfer a better devil than food aid? The case of Malawi’s food insecurity response programme. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315756869
Lentz, E. C. & Barrett, C. B. (2013). The economics and nutritional impacts of food assistance policies and programs. Food Policy, 42(13), 151–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2013.06.011
Levedahl, J. W. & Oliveira, V. (1998). Dietary impacts of food assistance programs. American’s Eating Habits: Changes and Consequences, 307–330.
Miyazaki, S. & Shimamura, Y. (2014). Risk, infrastructure, and rural market integration: Implications of infrastructure provision for food markets and household consumption in rural Indonesia. 81, 1–33. https://jicari.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=pages_view_main&active_action=repository_view_main_item_detail&item_id=733&item_no=1&page_id=13&block_id=21
Mohammadi, N. F. (2016). Impact of cash transfer on food security: A review. Nutrition and Food Sciences Research, 3(2), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.nfsr.3.2.3
Nasrudin, R., Resosudarmo, B. P., Yamazaki, S., & Girsang, W. (2020). Contribution of cash transfers in moderating household food insecurity in small-island communities: Experimental evidence from Indonesia. Marine Policy, 118. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104025
Negara, R. (2010). The effect of rice price changes on the income distribution of household groups in Indonesia (A non-parametric analysis) (Issue August). Wageningen University.
OECD. (2019). Effectiveness of social protection. OECD Development Pathways: Social Protection System Review of Indonesia; OECD Development Center. https://doi.org/10.1787/788e9d71-en
Pindyck, R. S. & Rubinfeld, D. L. (2013). Consumer behavior. Microeconomics (8th ed., pp. 67–105). Pearson Education, Inc.
Schofield, H. (2014). The economic costs of low caloric intake: Evidence from India. Working Paper, 1–96.
Siregar, A., Satria, M., Mulyono, I., & Wijayanti, Y. (2020). Pemetaan neraca beras dalam rangka mempersiapkan penyediaan kebutuhan pokok utama masyarakat menghadapi pandemi covid-19. Jurnal Ekonomi Pertanian Dan Agribisnis, 4(3), 679–694. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jepa.2020.004.03.22
Timmer, P., Hastuti, & Sumarto, S. (2017). Evolution and implementation of the rastra program in Indonesia. The 1.5 billion People Question: Food, Vouchers, or Cash Transfers? 265–310. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1087-9_ch7
Tiwari, S., Daidone, S., Ruvalcaba, M. A., Prifti, E., Handa, S., Davis, B., Niang, O., Pellerano, L., Quarles van Ufford, P., & Seidenfeld, D. (2016). Impact of cash transfer programs on food security and nutrition in sub-Saharan Africa: A cross-country analysis. Global Food Security, 11, 72–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2016.07.009
U.K. National Health Service. (2019). Understanding calories. https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/healthy-weight/managing-your-weight/understanding-calories/
World Bank. (2018). The state of social safety nets 2018. The World Bank. http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/978-1-4648-1254-5
World Food Programme. (2006). Cash and food transfers for food security and nutrition: Emerging insights and knowledge gaps from WFP’s experience. WFP Programa Mundial de Alimentos
World Food Programme. (2009). Emergency food security assessment handbook (EFSA) (2nd ed.). World Food Programme.
World Food Programme & BAPPENAS. (2017). The cost of the diet study in Indonesia.
Yambilla. (2018). Measuring food and health. https://yambilla.com/geographic-themes/food-and-health/measuring-food-and-health/
Ye, L. (2021). An ultimate guide to matching and propensity score matching. https://towardsdatascience.com/an-ultimate-guide-to-matching-and-propensity-score-matching-644395c46616
Yudhistira, A. (2021). Dampak bantuan pangan non tunai terhadap pengeluaran makanan dan rumah tangga di Pulau Jawa. Doctoral Dissertation. Universitas Gajah Mada. http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/198654
Afkar, R. & Matz, J. A. (2015). Cash transfer, in-kind, or both? Assessing the food and nutrition security impacts of social protection programs in Indonesia. Milan: International Association of Agricultural Economists (IAAE).
Amrullah, E. R., Hidayah, I., & Rusyiana, A. (2020). Dampak program raskin terhadap konsumsi gizi rumah tangga di Pulau Jawa. Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian, 18(1), 75–88. https://doi.org/10.21082/akp.v18n1.2020.75-88
Banerjee, A., Hanna, R., Olken, B. A., Satriawan, E., & Sumarto, S. (2021). Electronic food vouchers: Evidence from an at-scale experiment in Indonesia. American Economic Review, 113(2). 514-547. https://doi.org/10.3386/W28641
Baye, K., Retta, N., & Abuye, C. (2014). Comparison of the effects of conditional food and cash transfers of the Ethiopian productive safety net program. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 35(3), 289–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/156482651403500301
Belanawane, S. M., Sari, R. P., Purwanto, A. B., Yohanna, J., Sabarisman, M., & Sugiyanto. (2020). Kelembagaan penyediaan dan penyaluran komoditas bantuan pangan non-tunai (BPNT). Puslitbangkesos Kemensos RI.
Bittmann, F. (2019). Propensity score matching. Stata: A Really Short Introduction, De Gruyter Oldenbourg. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110617160
Bobba, A. G. & Bobba, R. S. (2008). The impacts of climate change on human health. Journal of Environmental Hydrology, 16(April), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1201/b14323-7
Couper, M. P. (2005). Technology trends in survey data collection. Social Science Computer Review, 23(4), 486-501. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439305278972
Cunha, J. M., De Giorgi, G., & Jayachandran, S. (2019). The price effects of cash versus in-kind transfers. Review of Economic Studies, 86(1), 240–281. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdy018
Dartanto, T., & Nurkholis. (2013). The determinants of poverty dynamics in Indonesia: Evidence from panel data. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 49(1), 61–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2013.772939
Dowler, E. (2008). Policy initiatives to address low-income households’ nutritional needs in the UK. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 67(3), 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665108008586
FAO, IFAD, & WFP. (2013). The state of food insecurity in the world 2013. The multiple dimensions of food security. FAO.
Fox, M. K., Hamilton, W., & Lin, B.-H. (2004). Effects of food assistance and nutrition programs on nutrition and health. Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report, 19(4), 1-174.
Hartline-Grafton, H. (2017). The role of the supplemental nutrition assistance program in improving health and well-being. www.frac.org.
Hermawan, W., Fitrawaty, F., & Maipita, I. (2017). Factors affecting the domestic price of rice in Indonesia. JEJAK, 10(1), 155–171. https://doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v10i1.9133
Hidrobo, M., Hoddinott, J., Peterman, A., Margolies, A., & Moreira, V. (2014). Cash, food, or vouchers? Evidence from a randomized experiment in Northern Ecuador. Journal of Development Economics, 107, 144–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.11.009
Hirvonen, K. & Hoddinott, J. (2020). Beneficiary views on cash and in-kind payments: evidence from Ethiopia’s productive safety net programme. The World Bank Economic Review, 35(2). 398-413. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9125
Hoddinott, J., Sandström, S., & Upton, J. (2018). The impact of cash and food transfers: Evidence from a randomized intervention in Niger. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 100(4), 1032–1049. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aay019
Huang, J., Nie, F., & Bi, J. (2015). Comparison of food consumption score (FCS) and calorie intake indicators to measure food security. 2015 International Conference on Social Science, Education Management and Sports Education. 1152-1158. https://doi.org/10.2991/ssemse-15.2015.296
Ismaya, B. I. & Anugrah, D. F. (2018). Determinant of food inflation: The case of Indonesia. Bulletin of Monetary Economics and Banking, 21(1), 81–94. https://doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v21i1.926
Jann, B. (2017). Kernel matching with automatic bandwidth selection. United Kingdom Stata Users Group Meetings 2017.
Katona-Apte, J. (1992). Issues in food aid and nutrition. ACC/SCN 19th Symposium.
Kim, H. & Ward, R. W. (2013). Price transmission across the U.S. food distribution system. Food Policy, 41, 226–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2013.05.006
King, G. & Nielsen, R. (2019). Why propensity scores should not be used for matching. Political Analysis, 27(4), 435–454. https://doi.org/10.1017/pan.2019.11
Kita, S. M. (2014). Is cash transfer a better devil than food aid? The case of Malawi’s food insecurity response programme. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315756869
Lentz, E. C. & Barrett, C. B. (2013). The economics and nutritional impacts of food assistance policies and programs. Food Policy, 42(13), 151–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2013.06.011
Levedahl, J. W. & Oliveira, V. (1998). Dietary impacts of food assistance programs. American’s Eating Habits: Changes and Consequences, 307–330.
Miyazaki, S. & Shimamura, Y. (2014). Risk, infrastructure, and rural market integration: Implications of infrastructure provision for food markets and household consumption in rural Indonesia. 81, 1–33. https://jicari.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=pages_view_main&active_action=repository_view_main_item_detail&item_id=733&item_no=1&page_id=13&block_id=21
Mohammadi, N. F. (2016). Impact of cash transfer on food security: A review. Nutrition and Food Sciences Research, 3(2), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.nfsr.3.2.3
Nasrudin, R., Resosudarmo, B. P., Yamazaki, S., & Girsang, W. (2020). Contribution of cash transfers in moderating household food insecurity in small-island communities: Experimental evidence from Indonesia. Marine Policy, 118. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104025
Negara, R. (2010). The effect of rice price changes on the income distribution of household groups in Indonesia (A non-parametric analysis) (Issue August). Wageningen University.
OECD. (2019). Effectiveness of social protection. OECD Development Pathways: Social Protection System Review of Indonesia; OECD Development Center. https://doi.org/10.1787/788e9d71-en
Pindyck, R. S. & Rubinfeld, D. L. (2013). Consumer behavior. Microeconomics (8th ed., pp. 67–105). Pearson Education, Inc.
Schofield, H. (2014). The economic costs of low caloric intake: Evidence from India. Working Paper, 1–96.
Siregar, A., Satria, M., Mulyono, I., & Wijayanti, Y. (2020). Pemetaan neraca beras dalam rangka mempersiapkan penyediaan kebutuhan pokok utama masyarakat menghadapi pandemi covid-19. Jurnal Ekonomi Pertanian Dan Agribisnis, 4(3), 679–694. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jepa.2020.004.03.22
Timmer, P., Hastuti, & Sumarto, S. (2017). Evolution and implementation of the rastra program in Indonesia. The 1.5 billion People Question: Food, Vouchers, or Cash Transfers? 265–310. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1087-9_ch7
Tiwari, S., Daidone, S., Ruvalcaba, M. A., Prifti, E., Handa, S., Davis, B., Niang, O., Pellerano, L., Quarles van Ufford, P., & Seidenfeld, D. (2016). Impact of cash transfer programs on food security and nutrition in sub-Saharan Africa: A cross-country analysis. Global Food Security, 11, 72–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2016.07.009
U.K. National Health Service. (2019). Understanding calories. https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/healthy-weight/managing-your-weight/understanding-calories/
World Bank. (2018). The state of social safety nets 2018. The World Bank. http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/978-1-4648-1254-5
World Food Programme. (2006). Cash and food transfers for food security and nutrition: Emerging insights and knowledge gaps from WFP’s experience. WFP Programa Mundial de Alimentos
World Food Programme. (2009). Emergency food security assessment handbook (EFSA) (2nd ed.). World Food Programme.
World Food Programme & BAPPENAS. (2017). The cost of the diet study in Indonesia.
Yambilla. (2018). Measuring food and health. https://yambilla.com/geographic-themes/food-and-health/measuring-food-and-health/
Ye, L. (2021). An ultimate guide to matching and propensity score matching. https://towardsdatascience.com/an-ultimate-guide-to-matching-and-propensity-score-matching-644395c46616
Yudhistira, A. (2021). Dampak bantuan pangan non tunai terhadap pengeluaran makanan dan rumah tangga di Pulau Jawa. Doctoral Dissertation. Universitas Gajah Mada. http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/198654