Pengaruh Bantuan Operasional Sekolah terhadap Pemenuhan Akses Pendidikan Menengah di Indonesia
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Dec 31, 2023
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Abstract
Since 2013, the Indonesian government has established the Universal Secondary Education (PMU) program or 12-year compulsory education. In line with the program, the central government transfers School Operational Assistance (BOS) funds to formal secondary schools, which is expected to free or lower the school fees. However, until 2019, the Net Enrollment Rate (NER) for secondary education did not reach the target set in the 2015-2019 strategic plan. It is estimated that around 3.2 million children aged 16-18 are out of school, which indicates that there are barriers to accessing secondary education in Indonesia, especially school fees. This study aims to analyze the effect of BOS on the fulfillment of access to secondary education in Indonesia as measured by changes in the NER for Senior High Schools (SMA) and Vocational High Schools (SMK). Since 2017, the authority of SMA and SMK in Indonesia has been decentralized to the provincial government. This study applies the Fixed Effect estimation method to panel data of 34 provinces in Indonesia from 2017 to 2021. The estimation results show that SMA/SMK BOS does not affect changes in the NER of SMA/SMK. This result is, among others, due to a relatively small amount of BOS funds compared to the operational costs of secondary schools and the weak accountability of local government for managing BOS funds. Therefore, the government needs to allocate more educational budget, especially for secondary schools, and intensively monitor and evaluate the use of BOS funds and other education budgets.
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Sitanggang, D., & Jasmina, T. (2023). Pengaruh Bantuan Operasional Sekolah terhadap Pemenuhan Akses Pendidikan Menengah di Indonesia. Indonesian Treasury Review: Jurnal Perbendaharaan, Keuangan Negara Dan Kebijakan Publik, 8(4), 307-320. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33105/itrev.v8i4.656
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References
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Gruber, J. (2016). Public Finance and Public Policy (5th ed.). Worth Publishers.
Gupta, S., Verhoeven, M., & Tiongson, E. R. (2002). The effectiveness of government expenditure on education and health care in the Caribbean. European Journal of Political Economy, 18(4), 711–737.
Hanushek, E. A. (1979). Conceptual and empirical issues in the estimation of educational production functions. Journal of Human Resources, 14(3), 351-388.
Hanushek, E. A. (2020). Education production functions. The Economics of Education: A Comprehensive Overview, 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815391-8.00013-6
Hermawan, W., Maipita, I., & Wahyudi, S. T. (2020). Determinan angka partisipasi murni: Studi pada penduduk miskin tingkat provinsi di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan, 20(1), 1–11.
Jasmina, T., & Oda, H. (2018). Empirical analysis of the government spending and disparities of education outcomes at the district level in Indonesia. In Competition and Cooperation in Economics and Business (pp. 221–227). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315225227-26
Jasmina, T., & Oda, H. (2022). Nonlinear relation between government spending and education : Theoretical and empirical evidence from districts in Indonesia. Southeast Asian Journal of Economics, 10(October 2021), 1–36. https://so05.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/saje/article/view/258333
Kan, S., & Klasen, S. (2021). Evaluating universal primary education in Uganda: School fee abolition and educational outcomes. Review of Development Economics, 25(1), 116–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12725
Kartasasmita, F. P., & Sulistyaningrum, E. (2021). The impact of school operational assistance program implementation at school level on senior secondary education enrollment by households: Evidence from Indonesia in 2007 and 2014. Economics and Finance in Indonesia, 67(2), 163. https://doi.org/10.47291/efi.v67i2.846
Kementerian Agama. (2014). Peraturan Menteri Agama Nomor 13 Tahun 2014 Tentang Pendidikan Keagamaan Islam. Jakarta: Kementerian Agama RI.
Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. (2013). Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Nomor 80 Tahun 2013 Tentang Pendidikan Menengah Universal. Jakarta: Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan RI.
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Khairunnisa, K., Hartoyo, S., & Anggraeni, L. (2014). Determinan angka partisipasi sekolah SMP di Jawa Barat. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan Indonesia, 15(1), 91. https://doi.org/10.21002/jepi.v15i1.444
Kharisma, B. (2016). Can a school operational assistance fund program (BOS) reduce school drop-outs during the post-rising fuel prices in Indonesia? Evidence From Indonesia. In MPRA Paper No. 70041. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/70041/
Khiem, P. H., Linh, D. H., Tai, D. A., & Dung, N. D. (2020). Does tuition fee policy reform encourage poor children’s school enrolment? Evidence from Vietnam. Economic Analysis and Policy, 66, 109–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2020.03.001
Kurniawan, R., & Rakhmawati, R. (2022). The impact of school operational assistance (BOS) on student expenditure and scores. Jurnal Ekonomi Indonesia, 11(1), 1–11.
Lewis, B. D. (2016). Local government spending and service delivery in Indonesia: The Perverse Effects Of Substantial Fiscal Resources. Regional Studies, 51(11), 1695–1707. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2016.1216957
Lewis, B. D., & Nguyen, H. T. M. (2018). Policy failure and educational attainment in Indonesia (Working Paper No. 2018/17 Arndt-Corden). http://www.crawfordev.anu.edu.au/acde/publications/publish/papers/wp2010/wp_econ_2010_10.pdf
Lucas, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7
Maneejuk, P., & Yamaka, W. (2021). The impact of higher education on economic growth in ASEAN-5 countries. Sustainability, 13(2), 520. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020520
Mankiw, N. G., Romer, D., & Weil, D. N. (1992). A contribution to the empirics of economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(2), 407-437.
Margaretha, E., & Simanjuntak, R. A. (2020). Dampak belanja sektor pendidikan terhadap kualitas pendidikan di Indonesia. Info Artha, 4(2), 155–166. https://doi.org/10.31092/jia.v4i2.816
Michaelowa, K., & Weber, A. (2007). Aid effectiveness in the education sector : A dynamic panel analysis. In: Lahiri, S. Theory and Practice of Foreign Aid. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 357-386. https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-35557
Nugroho, A., Amir, H., Maududy, I., & Marlina, I. (2021). Poverty eradication programs in Indonesia: Progress, challenges and reforms. Journal of Policy Modeling, 43(6), 1204–1224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2021.05.002
Oates, W. E. (1972). Fiscal Federalism, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. New York.
OECD. (2018). Aktif bersama Indonesia. https://www.oecd.org/global-relations/Active_with_Indonesia_BA.pdf
Oey-Gardiner, M. (1991). Gender differences in schooling in indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 27(1), 57–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074919112331335938
Omoeva, C., & Gale, C. (2016). Universal, but not free: Household schooling costs and equity effects of Uganda’s Universal Secondary Education policy. International Journal of Educational Development, 50, 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2016.05.007
Orazem, P., & King, E. M. (2007). Schooling in developing countries: the roles of supply, demand and government policy. In Iowa State University Working Paper (No. 07019).
Osei-Fosu, A. (2011). Evaluating the impact of the capitation grant and the school feeding programme on enrollment, attendance and retention in schools: The case of Weweso circuit. Journal of Science and Technology (Ghana), 31(1). https://doi.org/10.4314/just.v31i1.64886
Ouedraogo, I., Ngoa Tabi, H., Atangana Ondoa, H., & Jiya, A. N. (2022). Institutional quality and human capital development in Africa. Economic Systems, 46(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2021.100937
Prasetyia, F. (2019). The role of local government policy on secondary school enrolment decision in Indonesia. In Eurasian Economic Review (Vol. 9, Issue 2). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40822-018-0101-9
Republik Indonesia. (1994). Instruksi Presiden Nomor 1 Tahun 1994.
Republik Indonesia. (2003). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 Tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional. Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara RI.
Republik Indonesia. (2004). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 Tentang Pemerintahan Daerah. Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara RI.
Republik Indonesia. (2007). Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 55 Tahun 2007 Tentang Pendidikan Agama Dan Pendidikan Keagamaan. Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara RI.
Republik Indonesia. (2010). Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 66 Tahun 2010 Tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 17 Tahun 2010 Tentang Pengelolaan Dan Penyelenggaraan Pendidikan. Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara RI.
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Republik Indonesia. (2016). Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 18 Tahun 2016 Tentang Perangkat Daerah. Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara RI.
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