Dampak Kebijakan Bea Masuk Tindakan Pengamanan terhadap Proteksi dan Daya Saing Produk Baja Lapis Aluminium Seng
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Sep 30, 2020
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Abstract
Safeguard measures is a trade remedies policies regulated by World Trade Organization (WTO) to recover loss (injury) suffered by domestic industries as a result of liberalization in international trade, as an instrument to protect and increase competitiveness of domestic industries which are still at infant industry stage. In Indonssia, the steel industry sector is designated as a national priority so that its growth must be maintained. Meanwhile, the import surge phenomenon of flat-rolled products from iron or non-alloy steel has threatened the existence of domestic steel industries which produce similar commodities. The Indonesian government responded by setting the Safeguard Measures policy, with the hope that the industry would make structural adjustments during the imposition period so that its competitiveness could be increased. This study uses monthly import data from January 2012 to December 2018 to determine whether the Safeguard Measures has been effective as a protection instrument. To measure competitiveness, Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) method and Trade Specialization Index (TSI) were used. The results of this study show that the policy reduced the import of the same and similar steel products which meant it is effective as an instrument of protection. In addition, there has been an increase in competitiveness even though Indonesia is still a net importer.
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Anam, S., & Solikin, A. (2020). Dampak Kebijakan Bea Masuk Tindakan Pengamanan terhadap Proteksi dan Daya Saing Produk Baja Lapis Aluminium Seng. Indonesian Treasury Review: Jurnal Perbendaharaan, Keuangan Negara Dan Kebijakan Publik, 5(3), 235 - 253. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33105/itrev.v5i3.202
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References
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Bown, C. P. (2013). How different are safeguards from antidumping? Evidence from US trade policies toward steel. Review of Industrial Organization, 42(4), 449-481.
Bown, C. P., & McCulloch, R. (2004). The WTO agreement on safeguards: An empirical analysis of discriminatory impact. Journal of Empirical Method in International Trade, 9, 1-32.
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Chang, H-J. (2005). Why Developing Countries Need Tariffs. Geneva: Oxfam International.
Crowley, M. A. (2006). Do safeguard tariffs and antidumping duties open or close technology gaps? Journal of International Economics, 68, 469–484.
Ervani, E., Widodo, T. & Purnawan, M. E. (2019). Comparative advantage and trade specialization of East Asian countries: Do East Asian countries specialize on product groups with high comparative advantage? Canadian Center of Science and Education International Business Research, 12(2), 113-134.
Escaith, H. & Inomata, S. (2013). Geometry of global value chains in East Asia: The role of industrial networks and trade policies. WTO Publications, 2013, 135-157.
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Hill, H. (2006). The strategy of Indonesia’s economic transformation. Economic and Finance in Indonesia, 52(2), 229-263.
International Trade Centre. (2019). Trade Statistics for International Business Development. Diakses terakhir 25 Mei 2019, dari https://www.trademap.org/Index.aspx.
Irsahd, M. S. & Xin, Q. (2017). Determinants of exports competitiveness: An empirical analysis through Revealed Comparative Advantage of external sector of Pakistan. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 6(3), 623-633.
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Krugman, P. R., Obstfeld, M. & Melitz, M. J. (2018). International Trade Theory and Policy 11th Edition. London: Pearson Education Limited.
Lestari, E. P. & Isnina W.S.U. (2017). Analisiskinerjaindustrimanufaktur di Indonesia. Journal of Research in Economics and Management, 17, 183-198.
Liesner, H. H. (1958). The European Common Market and British Industry.Economic Journal, 68, 302-316.
Mahendra, M. S. & Solikin, A. (2019). Impact of tariffs and nontariff measures on Indonesia’s trade performances of environmental goods: A gravity model. AFEBI Economic and Finance Review (AEFR), 4(1), 61-69.
Mankiw, N. G. (2011). Principle of Economics 6th Edition. South Western: Cengage Learning.
Minondo, A. (2011). Does comparative advantage explain countriess’ diversification level? Review of World Economics, 147(3), 507-526.
Norris, E.& Wade, P. (2015). Rent seeking and endogenous income inequality. IMF Working Paper, 2015, 1-33.
Pauwelyn, J. (2005). Book review on trade, inequality, and justice: toward a liberal theory of just trade. Duke Law School of Legal Studies Research Paper Series, 37, 101-114.
Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 130/PMK.010/2017 tentang Pengenaan Bea Masuk Tindakan Pengamanan Terhadap Impor Produk Canai Lantaian dari Besi atau Baja Bukan Paduan. Jakarta: Kementerian Keuangan.
Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 137.1/PMK.011/2014 tentang Pengenaan Bea Masuk Tindakan Pengamanan Terhadap Impor Produk Canai Lantaian dari Besi atau Baja Bukan Paduan. Jakarta: Kementerian Keuangan.
Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 213/PMK.011/2011 tentang Penetapan Sistem Klasifikasi Barang dan Pembebanan Tarif Bea Masuk atas Barang Impor. Jakarta: Kementerian Keuangan.
Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 34/PMK.010/2017 tentang Pemungutan Pajak Penghasilan Pasal 22 Sehubungan dengan Pembayaran atas Penyerahan Barang dan Kegiatan di Bidang Impor atau Kegiatan Usaha di Bidang Lain. Jakarta: Kementerian Keuangan.
Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 6/PMK.010/2017 tentang Penetapan Sistem Klasifikasi Barang dan Pembebanan Tarif Bea Masuk atas Barang Impor. Jakarta: Kementerian Keuangan
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Tjahjasari, A. (2015). The Impact of Trade Policy on Import Volume of Steel Product in Indonesia. Amsterdam: Thesis of International Institute of Social Studies Netherland.
Undang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 1995 Sebagaimana Telah Diubah Dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2006 tentang Kepabeanan. Jakarta: Republik Indonesia.
Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2003 tentang Keuangan Negara. Jakarta: Republik Indonesia.
Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1983 sebagaimana telah diubah terakhir dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 2008 tentang Pajak Penghasilan. Jakarta: Republik Indonesia.
Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1994 tentang Pengesahan Agreement Establishing The World Trade Organization (Persetujuan Pembentukan Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia). Jakarta: Republik Indonesia.
Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1983 sebagaimana telah diubah terakhir dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 42 tahun 2009 tentang Pajak Pertambahan Nilai. Jakarta: Republik Indonesia.
Utkulu, U. & Seymen, D. (2004). Revealed Comparative Advantage and competitiveness: Evidence for Turkey vis-à-vis the EU/15. European Trade Studies, 1, 1-26.
Vollrath, T.L. (1991). A theoretical evaluation of alternative trade intensity measures of Revealed Comparative Advantage. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 130, 265-279.
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Anggriana, A. (2015). Implementasi Pengenaan Tindakan Pengamanan (Safeguard) dalam Melindungi Industri Dalam Negeri Terhadap Impor Produk Canai Lantaian dari Besi atau Baja Bukan Paduan (Nomor HS 7210.61.11.00). Jakarta: Tesis Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia.
Appleyard, D. R. & Field, A. J. Jr. (2014). International Economics, 8th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Apridar, A. (2009). Ekonomi Internasional: Sejarah, Teori, Konsep, dan Permasalahan dalam Aplikasinya. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.
Aprilia, F. (2015). Posisi daya saing dan spesialisasi perdagangan lada Indonesia dalam menghadapi globalisasi (studi pada ekspor lada Indonesia tahun 2009-2013). Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis Universitas Brawijaya, 27, 1-7.
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Badan Pusat Statistik. (2019). Ekonomi dan Perdagangan: Ekspor dan Impor (Dinamis). Diakses terakhir 25 Mei 2019, dari https://www.bps.go.id/all_newtemplate.php.
Bagwell, K. & Staiger, R. W. (2003). Protection and the business cycle. Advances in Economic Analysis & Policy, 3(1), 1-43.
Balassa, B. (1965), Trade liberalisation and ‘Revealed’ Comparative Advantage. The Manchester School, 33, 99-123.
Bank Indonesia. (2019). Informasi Kurs Transaksi Bank Indonesia. Diakses terakhir 25 Mei 2019 dari https://www.bi.go.id/id/moneter/informasi-kurs/transaksi-bi/Default.aspx.
Benchekroun, H., Van Long, N. (2018). Nurturing an Infant Industry by Markovian Subsidy Schemes. Dyn Games Appl, 8, 519–541.
Bhagwati, J. (2004). In Defense of Globalization. New York: Oxford University Press.
Blanchard, O. (2006). Macroeconomics. New York: Prentice Hall.
Bown, C. P. (2013). How different are safeguards from antidumping? Evidence from US trade policies toward steel. Review of Industrial Organization, 42(4), 449-481.
Bown, C. P., & McCulloch, R. (2004). The WTO agreement on safeguards: An empirical analysis of discriminatory impact. Journal of Empirical Method in International Trade, 9, 1-32.
Bown, C. P., & Tovar, P. (2011). Trade liberalization, antidumping, and safeguards: evidence from India's tariff reform. Journal of Development Economics, 96, 115-125.
Brotosusilo, A. (2006). Globalisasi Ekonomi dan Perdagangan Internasional: Studi tentang Kesiapan Hukum Indonesia Melindungi Produksi Dalam Negeri Melalui Undang-Undang Anti Dumping dan Safeguards. Jakarta: Disertasi Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia.
Bustami, B. R. dan Hidayat, P. (2013). Analisis daya saing produk ekspor provinsi Sumatra Utara. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan, 2(1), 56-71.
Chang, H-J. (2002). Kicking Away the Ladder: Developmental Strategy in Historical Perspective. London: Anthem Press.
Chang, H-J. (2005). Why Developing Countries Need Tariffs. Geneva: Oxfam International.
Crowley, M. A. (2006). Do safeguard tariffs and antidumping duties open or close technology gaps? Journal of International Economics, 68, 469–484.
Ervani, E., Widodo, T. & Purnawan, M. E. (2019). Comparative advantage and trade specialization of East Asian countries: Do East Asian countries specialize on product groups with high comparative advantage? Canadian Center of Science and Education International Business Research, 12(2), 113-134.
Escaith, H. & Inomata, S. (2013). Geometry of global value chains in East Asia: The role of industrial networks and trade policies. WTO Publications, 2013, 135-157.
Garcia, F J. (2003). Trade, Inequality, and Justice: Toward a Liberal Theory of Just Trade. New York: Transnational Publishers.
Garcia, F. J. (2001). Building a just trade order for a new millennium. George Washington International Law Review, 33, 1015-1062.
Greenaway, D. & Milner, C. (1993). Trade and industrial policy in developing countries: A manual of policy analysis. The Macmillan Press Part Evaluating Comparative Advantage, 4, 181-208.
Gujarati, D. N. & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic Econometric, 5thEd. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Hill, H. (2006). The strategy of Indonesia’s economic transformation. Economic and Finance in Indonesia, 52(2), 229-263.
International Trade Centre. (2019). Trade Statistics for International Business Development. Diakses terakhir 25 Mei 2019, dari https://www.trademap.org/Index.aspx.
Irsahd, M. S. & Xin, Q. (2017). Determinants of exports competitiveness: An empirical analysis through Revealed Comparative Advantage of external sector of Pakistan. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 6(3), 623-633.
Kementerian Perindustrian. (2018). Pemerintah Bertekad Lindungi Pasar Industri Baja Domestik. Diakses 26 Maret 2019, Diakses dari http://www.kemenperin.go.id/artikel/19368/Pemerintah-Bertekad-Lindungi-Pasar-Industri-Baja-Domestik.
Komite Pengamanan Perdagangan Indonesia. (2014). Laporan akhir hasil penyelidikan atas importasi produk canai lantaian dari besi atau baja bukan paduan dengan nomor HS 7210.61.11.00. Jakarta: Kementerian Perdagangan.
Krugman, P. R., Obstfeld, M. & Melitz, M. J. (2018). International Trade Theory and Policy 11th Edition. London: Pearson Education Limited.
Lestari, E. P. & Isnina W.S.U. (2017). Analisiskinerjaindustrimanufaktur di Indonesia. Journal of Research in Economics and Management, 17, 183-198.
Liesner, H. H. (1958). The European Common Market and British Industry.Economic Journal, 68, 302-316.
Mahendra, M. S. & Solikin, A. (2019). Impact of tariffs and nontariff measures on Indonesia’s trade performances of environmental goods: A gravity model. AFEBI Economic and Finance Review (AEFR), 4(1), 61-69.
Mankiw, N. G. (2011). Principle of Economics 6th Edition. South Western: Cengage Learning.
Minondo, A. (2011). Does comparative advantage explain countriess’ diversification level? Review of World Economics, 147(3), 507-526.
Norris, E.& Wade, P. (2015). Rent seeking and endogenous income inequality. IMF Working Paper, 2015, 1-33.
Pauwelyn, J. (2005). Book review on trade, inequality, and justice: toward a liberal theory of just trade. Duke Law School of Legal Studies Research Paper Series, 37, 101-114.
Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 130/PMK.010/2017 tentang Pengenaan Bea Masuk Tindakan Pengamanan Terhadap Impor Produk Canai Lantaian dari Besi atau Baja Bukan Paduan. Jakarta: Kementerian Keuangan.
Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 137.1/PMK.011/2014 tentang Pengenaan Bea Masuk Tindakan Pengamanan Terhadap Impor Produk Canai Lantaian dari Besi atau Baja Bukan Paduan. Jakarta: Kementerian Keuangan.
Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 213/PMK.011/2011 tentang Penetapan Sistem Klasifikasi Barang dan Pembebanan Tarif Bea Masuk atas Barang Impor. Jakarta: Kementerian Keuangan.
Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 34/PMK.010/2017 tentang Pemungutan Pajak Penghasilan Pasal 22 Sehubungan dengan Pembayaran atas Penyerahan Barang dan Kegiatan di Bidang Impor atau Kegiatan Usaha di Bidang Lain. Jakarta: Kementerian Keuangan.
Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 6/PMK.010/2017 tentang Penetapan Sistem Klasifikasi Barang dan Pembebanan Tarif Bea Masuk atas Barang Impor. Jakarta: Kementerian Keuangan
Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 97/PMK.010/2015 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 213/PMK.011/2011 tentang Penetapan Sistem Klasifikasi Barang dan Pembebanan Tarif Bea Masuk atas Barang Impor. Jakarta: Republik Indonesia. Jakarta: Kementerian Keuangan.
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 34 Tahun 2011 tentang Tindakan Antidumping, Tindakan Imbalan, Dan Tindakan Pengamanan Perdagangan. Jakarta: Republik Indonesia.
Pratiwi, A. M. (2014). Analisis efisiensi dan produktivitasindustribesar dan sedang di wilayah provinsi Bali: Pendekatan Stochastic Frontier Analysis. Jurnal Ekonomi Kuantitatif Terapan, 7, 1-82.
Reuters. (2019). Factbox: Tariff Wars - Duties Imposed by Trump and U.S. Trading Partners. Diakses 13 Mei 2019, dari https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-tariffs-factbox/factbox-tariff-wars-duties-imposed-by-trump-and-u-s-trading-partners-idUSKCN1PO06K.
Safriansyah. (2010). Laju pertumbuhan dan analisis daya saing ekspor unggulan di provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 2(8), 327-344.
Shanquan, G. (2000). Economic Globalization: Trends, Risk, and Risks Prevention. CDP Background Paper No. 1. New York: United Nations DPAD.
Solikin, A. (2019). Harmonisasi tarif bea masuk untuk mendukung kebijakan industrialisasi dan rantai nilai global. Dalam Akhmadi, H. (Ed.). Esai Keuangan Negara: Kebijakan APBN Dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat. Bogor: Jeda.
Stigler, G. J. (1971). The theory of economic regulation. The Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, 2(1), 3-21.
Stiglitz, J. E. (2003). Globalization and Its Discontent. New York: W.W. Norton & Company Inc.
Tambunan, T.H. (2004). Globalisasi dan Perdagangan Internasional, Bogor: Ghalia Indonesia.
Tjahjasari, A. (2015). The Impact of Trade Policy on Import Volume of Steel Product in Indonesia. Amsterdam: Thesis of International Institute of Social Studies Netherland.
Undang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 1995 Sebagaimana Telah Diubah Dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2006 tentang Kepabeanan. Jakarta: Republik Indonesia.
Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2003 tentang Keuangan Negara. Jakarta: Republik Indonesia.
Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1983 sebagaimana telah diubah terakhir dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 2008 tentang Pajak Penghasilan. Jakarta: Republik Indonesia.
Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1994 tentang Pengesahan Agreement Establishing The World Trade Organization (Persetujuan Pembentukan Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia). Jakarta: Republik Indonesia.
Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1983 sebagaimana telah diubah terakhir dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 42 tahun 2009 tentang Pajak Pertambahan Nilai. Jakarta: Republik Indonesia.
Utkulu, U. & Seymen, D. (2004). Revealed Comparative Advantage and competitiveness: Evidence for Turkey vis-à-vis the EU/15. European Trade Studies, 1, 1-26.
Vollrath, T.L. (1991). A theoretical evaluation of alternative trade intensity measures of Revealed Comparative Advantage. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 130, 265-279.
World Bank. (2019a). Industrialization Intensity Index. Diakses 20 Februari 2019, dari https://tcdata360.worldbank.org/indicators/mva.ind.int.
World Bank. (2019b). World Integrated Trade Solutions: Trade Indicators. Diakses 21 Februari 2019, dari https://wits.worldbank.org/wits/wits/witshelp/Content/Utilities/e1.trade_indicators.htm.
World Trade Organization. (2013). Global Value Chains in a Changing World. Jenewa: WTO Publications.
Zedillo, E. (2000). Technical Report of the High-Level Panel on Financing for Development. New York: United Nation.